Lessons from the first wave of COVID-19 in Italy: A collection of design strategies to face pandemic situations in healthcare facilities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2022.0437Keywords:
COVID-19, healthcare facilities, design for health, design guidelines, infection control, human-centeredAbstract
Objectives: This study aims to provide metadesign indications for the improvement of healthcare facilities, emphasizing the role of spatial design in the management of epidemic health emergencies.
Study design: A parallel mixed-method study including literature reviews, survey creation, and survey distribution was performed.
Methods: Data were collected between August and October 2020 capturing information related to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, utilizing a review of existing literature, a comparison of existing hospital planning guidelines and assessment tools, and distribution of a survey to analyze design changes within selected Italian hospitals.
Results: Among the changes identified, the most frequently identified included the conversion of space into intensive care units, space expansion, and the usage of wayfinding strategies for the reduction of cross-contamination risks. There was limited attention given to solutions with a human-centered approach, and those that addressed physical and psychological well-being of all users, including healthcare staff. The solutions were collected and systematized into a list of metadesign guidelines.
Conclusions: The resulting indications represent a starting point for developing design solutions to aid healthcare facilities in facing future epidemics.
References
Chiriboga D, Garay J, Buss P, et al.: Health inequity during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cry for ethical global leadership. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10238): 1690-1691. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31145-4.
Prante FJ, Bramucci A, Truger A: Decades of tight fiscal policy have left the health care system in Italy ill-prepared to fight the COVID-19 outbreak. Inter Econ. 2020; 55(3): 147-152. DOI: 10.1007/s10272-020-0886-0.
Fagiuoli S, Lorini FL, Remuzzi G: Adaptations and lessons in the province of Bergamo. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382: E71. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2011599.
Rothfeld M, Sengupta S, Biederman J, et al.: 13 deaths in a day: An ‘apocalyptic’ coronavirus surge at an N.Y.C. Hospital. New York Times. March 25, 2020. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/25/nyregion/nyc-coronavirus-hospitals.html. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Blumenthal D, Fowler EJ, Abrams M, et al.: COVID-19—Implications for the health care system. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(15): 1483-1488. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsb2021088.
Emmanuel U, Osondu ED, Kalu KC: Architectural design strategies for infection prevention and control (IPC) in health-care facilities: Towards curbing the spread of COVID-19. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2020; 18(2): 1699-1707. DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00580-y.
Wei EK, Long T, Katz MH: Nine lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic for improving hospital care and health care delivery. JAMA Intern Med. 2021; 181(9): 1161-1163. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4237.
Mirco N, Ciocca A, Giupponi A, et al.: At the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic and humanitarian crises in Italy: Changing perspectives on preparation and mitigation. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv. March 21, 2020. Available at https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.20.0080. Accessed November 16, 2021.
MASS Design Group: The role of architecture in fighting COVID-19: Guidelines for limiting contagion in COVID-19 tent clinics. 2020. Available at https://massdesigngroup.org/sites/default/files/multiple-file/2020-04/Rulespercent20ofpercent20Thumb percent-20forpercent20Limitingpercent20Contagionpercent20in percent-20Makeshiftpercent20Facilities.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Iacobucci G: COVID-19: Doctors sound alarm over hospital transmissions. BMJ. 2020; 369: M2013. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2013.
Leland J: At 89, she fears dying alone more than the coronavirus itself. The New York Times. April 7, 2020. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/nyregion/dying-alone-coronavirus.html. Accessed November 9, 2021.
Adibe B, Hebert C, Perticone K, et al.: Creating wellness in a pandemic: A practical framework for health systems responding to COVID-19. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv. March 24, 2021. Available at https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/cat.20.0218. Accessed November 5, 2021.
Dewey C, Hingle S, Goelz E, et al.: Supporting clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Intern Med. 2020; 172(11): 752-753. DOI: 10.7326/M20-1033.
Schaye VE, Reich JA, Bosworth BP, et al.: Collaborating across private, public, community, and federal hospital systems: Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic response in NYC. NEJM Catal. 1(6). DOI: 10.1056/CAT.20.0343.
Brito A, Hamilton G, Holton S, et al.: ER contagion: 8 ways to beat the second wave. HKS Architects. 2020. Available at https://www.hksinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ER-2.0_HKS_FINAL.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Pareti G: È indispensabile una pandemic architecture? 2020. Available at https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1747462/634351/BP_Pareti.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Ulrich RS, Zimring C, Zhu X, et al.: A review of the research literature on evidence-based healthcare design. Health Environ Res Des J. 2008; 1(3): 61-125. DOI: 10.1177/193758670800100306.
Taylor E: Chapter 1: Infection control risk assessments. In Using the Health Care Physical Environment to Prevent and Control Infection. ASHE, 2018: 20-42. Available at https://icap.nebraskamed.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/CDCfullbookDIGITALspash-zone-pg-159.pdf. Accessed November 9, 2021.
Gola M, Brambilla A, Barach P, et al.: Educational challenges in healthcare design: Training multidisciplinary professionals for future hospitals and healthcare. Ann Ig Med Prev E Comunita. 2020; 32(5): 549-566. DOI: 10.7416/ai.2020.2375.
Azzopardi-Muscat N, Brambilla A, Caracci F, et al.: Synergies in design and health. The role of architects and urban health planners in tackling key contemporary public health challenges. Acta Bio Medica Atenei Parm. 2020; 91(3-S): 9-20. DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i3-S.9414.
Marsh R, Pilkington P, Rice L: A guide to architecture for the public health workforce. Public Health. 2020; 178: 120-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.09.013.
Capolongo S, Gola M, Brambilla A, et al.: COVID-19 and healthcare facilities: A decalogue of design strategies for resilient hospitals. Acta Bio Medica Atenei Parm. 2020; 91(9-S): 50-60. DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i9-S.10117.
Best Hospitals—Italy: Available at https://www.newsweek.com/best-hospitals-2020/italy. Accessed November 9, 2021.
The New York Times: New York coronavirus map and case count. The New York Times. November 19, 2021. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/italy-covid-cases.html. Accessed November 19, 2021.
Harrouk C: Alternative healthcare facilities: Architects mobilize their creativity in fight against COVID-19. ArchDaily. May 28, 2020. Available at https://www.archdaily.com/937840/alternativehealthcare-facilities-architects-mobilize-their-creativity-in-fightagainst-covid-19. Accessed November 5, 2021.
Naughton C: Hospital room design strategies to increase staff efficiency and effectiveness. HMC Architects. March 8, 2019. Available at https://hmcarchitects.com/news/hospital-roomdesign-features-that-foster-greater-efficiency-2019-03-08/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Ariadne Labs, Mass Design Group: Redesigning hospital spaces on the fly to protect healthcare workers. ASPR TRACIE. 2020. Available at https://asprtracie.hhs.gov/technical-resources/resource/8768/redesigning-hospital-spaces-on-the-fly-to-protecthealthcare-workers. Accessed November 18, 2021.
HKS Architects: Health environments interior recommendations for business recovery day 1 and day X. HKS Architects. April 2020. Available at https://www.hksinc.com/how-we-think/research/how-interior-design-can-assist-in-health-care-business-recovery/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
McCarthy A: Implications of COVID-19 on healthcare design. Healthcare Design Magazine. July 21, 2020. Available at https://healthcaredesignmagazine.com/trends/perspectives/implications-ofcovid-19-on-healthcare-design/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Pandemics, healthcare design and the coronavirus. Design & build. 2020. Available at https://designbuild.nridigital.com/design_build_review_jun20/pandemics_healthcare_design_coronavirus. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Gow C, Kenson J: Healthcare design post-COVID-19. Prism. June 19, 2020. Available at https://prismpub.com/healthcare-designpost-covid-19/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Healthcare Radius: 10 hospital design changes, post-COVID. Healthcare Radius. June 5, 2020. Available at https://www.healthcareradius.in/projects/26279-10-hospital-design-changes-post-covid. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Nelson C, Hill C, Cantrell J, et al.: COVID-19 and how it is shaping the future of healthcare design. Orcutt Winslow. 2020. Available at http://www.owp.com/covid-19.html. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Belanger Y: Healthcare after COVID-19: Smart design solutions for clinical spaces. Nelson Worldwide. March 13, 2020. Available at https://www.nelsonworldwide.com/healthcare-after-covid-19-smartdesign-solutions-for-clinical-spaces/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Ionescu M: It’s not if, but when: Designing healthcare spaces that support pandemic response. Building design + construction. 2020. Available at https://www.bdcnetwork.com/blog/its-not-if-whendesigning-healthcare-spaces-support-pandemic-response. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Stevens P: Studio prototype designs prefabricated “vital house” to combat COVID-19. Designboom | architecture & design magazine. 2020. Available at https://www.designboom.com/architecture/studio-prototype-vital-house-virus-hotel-covid-19-03-25-2020/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Alcimed: The patient pathway of COVID-19: 4 key challenges to overcome in Wuhan. Alcimed. 2020. Available at https://www.alcimed.com/en/alcim-articles/the-patient-pathway-of-covid19-coronavirus-challenges-to-overcome-wuhan/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
ASHRAE: COVID-19 guidance. ASHRAE. 2020. Available at https://fgiguidelines.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ASHRAECOVID-19-guidance-20-03-25.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Albert J: Reimagining healthcare design after COVID-19. Healthcare Design Magazine. May 7, 2020. Available at https://healthcaredesignmagazine.com/trends/perspectives/reimaginghealthcare-design-after-covid-19/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
SIMEU—Italian Society of Emergency Medicine: Organization of first aid and patient care in phase two of the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020. Available at https://www.ordine-medici-firenze.it/modulistica-docman/miscellaneous/400-simeu-organization-offirst-aid-and-patient-care-in-phase-2-of-the-pandemic-Covid-19/file. Accessed July 30, 2020.
ECDC: Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2020. Available at https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/checklist-hospitals-preparingreception-and-care-coronavirus-2019-covid-19. Accessed November 16, 2021.
SafeCare: Health system preparedness checklist. SafeCare. 2020. Available at https://www.safe-care.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/SAFECARE-COVID19-Health-System-Prepardness-Checklist.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Paganini M, Conti A, Weinstein E, et al.: Translating COVID-19 pandemic surge theory to practice in the emergency department: How to expand structure. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020; 14(4): 541-550. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.57.
CIRSE: Checklist for preparing your IR service for COVID-19. CIRSE. 2020. Available at https://www.cirse.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CIRSE_APSCVIR_Checklist_COVID19.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Grelat M, Pommier B, Portet S, et al.: Patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and surgery: Guidelines and checklist proposal. World Neurosurg. 2020; 139: e769-e773. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.155.
COVID19 Care Pathway Strategies: Medtronic. 2020. Available at https://www.medtronic.com/content/dam/medtronic-com/us-en/hcp/services/cardiac-vascular-group/documents/Covid19-carepathway-strategy.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2020.
American Institute of Architects: Preparedness assessment tool V2.0. AIA. 2020. Available at https://www.aia.org/resources/6283331-alternative-care-sites-preparedness. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Booth R, Brackett J, Peglow T, et al.: COVID-19 recovery. ASHE. 2020. Available at https://www.ashe.org/covid-19-recovery. Accessed November 16, 2021.
International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety: Security Design Guidelines for Healthcare Facilities. 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: IAHSS, 2020. Available at https://www.iahss.org/page/designguidelines. Accessed November 18, 2021.
World Health Organization: Rapid Hospital Readiness Checklist: Interim Guidance. Geneva: WHO. 2020. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332779/WHO-2019-nCoV-hospital_readiness_checklist-2020.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed November 18, 2021.
American Institute of Architects: COVID-19 frontline perspective design considerations to reduce risk and support patients and providers in facilities for COVID-19 care. AIA. 2020. Available at https://www.aia.org/resources/6313180-covid-19-frontline-perspective. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Queensland Health: Infection prevention and control guidelines for the management of COVID-19 in healthcare settings. Queensland Health. 2020. Available at https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0038/939656/qh-covid-19-Infection-controlguidelines.pdf. Accessed July 30, 2020.
The Royal College of Emergency Medicine: Emergency department infection prevention and control (IPC) during the coronavirus pandemic. RCEM. 2020. Available at https://rcem.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/RCEM_BPC_Guideline_COVID_IPC_090620.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2021.
ECDC: Infection prevention and control and preparedness for COVID-19 in healthcare settings—4th update. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2020. Available at https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Infection-preventionand-control-in-healthcare-settings-COVID-19_4th_update.pdf. Accessed August 30, 2020.
International WELL Building Institute: WELL health-safety rating. WELL. 2020. Available at https://v2.wellcertified.com/healthsafety/en/overview. Accessed August 30, 2020.
CDC: Comprehensive hospital preparedness checklist for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hcp-hospital-checklist.html. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Joint Commission: Emergency management healthcare environment checklist. Joint Commission. 2020. Available at https:// www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/Covid19/emergency-management-checklist.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Ministero della Salute: Elementi di Preparazione e Risposta a COVID-19 Nella Stagione Autunno-Invernale. Federazione Cure Palliative. 2020. Available at https://www.fedcp.org/cure-palliative/normative/nazionali/elementi-di-preparazione-e-risposta-a-covid-19-nella-stagione-autunno-invernale. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Chesterton L, Stephens M, Clark A, et al.: A systematic literature review of the patient hotel model. Disabil Rehabil. 2021; 43(3): 317-323. DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1628314.
Kisner J: What the chaos in hospitals is doing to doctors. The Atlantic. December 8, 2020. Available at https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/01/covid-ethics-committee/617261/. Accessed November 5, 2021.
Ward B: Waiting room safety: Infection, furniture, and power outlets. Patient Safety & Quality Healthcare. 2020. Available at https://www.psqh.com/analysis/waiting-room-safety-infection-furniture-and-power-outlets/. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Passini B, Carnevale A, Letizia F, et al.: Soluzioni organizzative, logistico/strutturali e clinico/assistenziali per la gestione e la limitazione dell’emergenza COVID-19 nel policlinico tor vergata di roma (fase1). Osservatorio Nazionale delle Buone Pratiche sulla sicurezza nella Sanità. 2020. Available at https://www.buonepratichesicurezzasanita.it/images/Covid-19/Documenti/TorVergata/Soluzioni_organizzative_emergenziali_per_la_gestione_dei_pazienti_COVID_-_19__AGENAS_PTV_01_06_2020.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2021.
LeVine E: How to rethink wayfinding to increase infection control and decrease patient stress. nbbX. 2020. Available at http://meanstheworld.co/well-being/how-to-rethink-wayfinding-toincrease-infection-control-and-decrease-patient-stress. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Wingler D, Nanda U: Reboot readiness: A primer on how to design for contagions. HKS Architects. 2020. Available at https://www.hksinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HKS-RebootReadiness.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Design degli spazi ospedalieri: Eggs healthcare engineering. 2017. Available at http://eggshealthcare.it/eggshealthcare.it/Blog/Voci/2017/7/11_Design_degli_spazi_ospedalieri.html. Accessed November 16, 2021.
van DN, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, et al.: Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382: 1564-1567. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973.
Marchese K: Copper kills viruses and bacteria so why aren’t our surfaces covered in it? Designboom. 2020. Available at https://www.designboom.com/design/copper-destroys-viruses-and-bacteria-so-why-arent-our-surfaces-covered-in-it-03-18-2020/. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Albarqouni L, Byambasuren O, Clark J, et al.: Does copper treatment of commonly touched surfaces reduce healthcare-acquired infections? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Infect. 2020; 106(4): 765-773. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.005.
Widmer AF, Kuster S, Dangel M, et al.: Long-term antimicrobial effectiveness of a silver-impregnated foil on high-touch hospital surfaces in patient rooms. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2021; 10(1): 120. DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00956-1.
Brambilla A, Sun T, Zhi Elshazly W, et al.: Flexibility during the COVID-19 pandemic response: Healthcare facility assessment tools for resilient evaluation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(21): 11478. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph.
Chawla K, Peters A, Groves H, et al.: Emergency conversion of operating rooms into intensive care units to expand critical care capacity during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation. 2021. Available at https://www.apsf.org/article/emergency-conversion-of-operating-rooms-into-intensive-care-unitsto-expand-critical-care-capacity-during-the-sars-cov-2-pandemic/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Feuer A, Salcedo A: New York City deploys 45 mobile morgues as virus strains funeral homes. The New York Times. April 2, 2020. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/nyregion/coronavirus-new-york-bodies.html. Accessed November 17, 2021.
ECDC: Considerations related to the safe handling of bodies of deceased persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2020.
Available at https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/considerations-related-safe-handling-bodies-deceased-personssuspected-or. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Milan L: Emergenza sanitaria e coronavirus: Le strutture per affrontarla. Teknoring. 2020. Available at https://www.teknoring.com/news/progettazione/emergenza-sanitaria-coronavirus-strutture-ospedaliere/. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Beyond the Call of Duty for COVID-19: Recognized organizations. IHF—International Hospital Federation. Available at https://www.ihf-fih.org/beyond-the-call-of-duty-for-covid-19/organizations/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Guarino M: This hospital was built for a pandemic. Washington Post. April 9, 2020. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/04/09/rush-hospital-coronavirus/. Accessed November 18, 2021.
‘This Is What Rush Was Built For’: RUSH. 2020. Available at https://www.rush.edu/news/what-rush-was-built. Accessed November 18, 2021.
Albert J: Reimagining healthcare design after COVID-19. Healthcare Design Magazine. May 7, 2020. Available at https://healthcaredesignmagazine.com/trends/perspectives/reimaginghealthcare-design-after-covid-19/. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Daubert G, Gillet G, Guet L, et al.: General practitioners’ practice premises and risk of viral cross-transmission: A French observational multicenter study. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021; 12: 215013272110437. DOI: 10.1177/21501327211043734.
Peavey E, Kim M, Roark J, et al.: The pandemic-resilient hospital: How design can help facilities stay operational and safe. Arup. 2021. Available at https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/research/section/pandemic-resilient-hospital. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Isolation rooms—International Health Facility Guidelines. Health Facility Guidelines. Available at https://healthfacilityguidelines.com/ViewPDF/ViewIndexPDF/iHFG_part_d_isolation_rooms. Accessed November 19, 2021.
McCunn LJ, Safranek S, Wilkerson A, et al.: Lighting control in patient rooms: Understanding nurses’ perceptions of hospital lighting using qualitative methods. Health Environ Res Des J. 2021; 14(2): 204-218. DOI: 10.1177/1937586720946669.
LUCE PER SALUTE E CURA: Zumtobel. Available at https://www.zumtobel.com/PDB/Teaser/IT/AWB_Health_Care.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Chen Y, Broman AT, Priest G, et al.: The effect of blue-enriched lighting on medical error rate in a university hospital ICU. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2021; 47(3): 165-175. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjq.2020.11.007.
MacFarlane A: Light versus the virus. Signify. 2020. Available at https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/blog/innovation/lightversus-the-virus. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Trilux Inspirations: Versatilità nell’illuminazione ospedaliera—TRILUX illumina il nuovo ospedale Isabel zendal di Madrid. TRILUX. 2021. Available at https://www.trilux.com/it/blog/triluxprogetto-illuminazione-ospedale-isabel-zendal-madrid/. Accessed November 16, 2021.
WSP: Lighting for circadian rhythm—A desirable trend? 2018. Available at https://www.wsp.com/en-TH/insights/lighting-for-circadian-rhythms-a-desirable-trend. Accessed November 16, 2021.
Human Centric Lighting/5: HCL Nella Sanità. Disano LED Technology. 2019. Available at http://disanoledtechnology.it/it/human-centric-lighting-5-hcl-nella-sanita/. Accessed November 16, 2021.
The Nextsystem: Casaluci healthcare. Available at https://www.casalucihealthcare.com/nextsystem?lang=en. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Eagle A: Supporting evidence: Researched solutions for health care interiors. Health Facilities Management Magazine. October 1, 2014. Available at https://www.hfmmagazine.com/articles/1388-supporting-evidence. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Ting DSW, Carin L, Dzau V, et al.: Digital technology and COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020; 26(4): 459-461. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0824-5.
Drissi N, Ouhbi S, Marques G, et al.: A systematic literature review on e-Mental health solutions to assist health care workers during COVID-19. Telemed E-Health. 2021; 27(6): 594-602. DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2020.0287.
Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, et al.: The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 291: 113190. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190.
Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, et al.: Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(3): 228-229. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8.
Deng Y, Yang J: Psychological status of frontline healthcare professionals at the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan: A narrative case series. Psychiatr Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021. DOI: 10.5152/pcp.2021.21123.
Putrino D, Ripp J, Herrera JE, et al.: Multisensory, nature-inspired recharge rooms yield short-term reductions in perceived stress among frontline healthcare workers. Front Psychol. 2020; 11: 3213. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560833.
Studio Elsewhere: Recharge rooms. Available at https://www.studioelsewhere.co/recharge-rooms. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Kim JW, Stewart R, Kang SJ, et al.: Telephone based interventions for psychological problems in hospital isolated patients with COVID-19. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2020; 18(4): 616-620. DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.4.616.
Ulrich RS: Effects of interior design on wellness: Theory and recent scientific research. J Health Care Inter Des. 1991; 3: 97-109. Available at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10123973/. Accessed November 17, 2021.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright 2007-2023, Weston Medical Publishing, LLC
All Rights Reserved
