Disaster healthcare disparities solutions: Part 1—Preparation

Authors

  • Angela Pettit Cornelius, MD, MA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0405-1433
  • Douglas Mark Char, MD
  • Leah Gustafson Ista, MD, MSPH
  • Samantha Noll, MD
  • Frank Quintero, DO, MBA
  • Heather Rybasack-Smith, MD, MPH
  • Jennie Wang, DO, MPH
  • Robert P. Weinberg, DO, JD, MMSc
  • Sharon E. Mace, MD

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.0472

Keywords:

disaster, disaster healthcare, disaster healthcare disparities, healthcare disparities, disaster preparation

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential solutions for disaster healthcare disparities. This paper is the first of a three-part series that was written by the Disaster Healthcare Disparities Workgroup of the American College of Emergency Physicians Disaster Preparedness and Response Committee. The committee workgroup conducted a literature review and chose articles most representative and demonstrative of solutions to disaster healthcare disparities found in a past workgroup product exploring disaster healthcare disparities seen in disaster. Many solutions for disaster healthcare disparities during preparation were found. Some of these solutions have been successfully implemented, while others are still theoretical. Solutions for disaster healthcare disparities seen in disaster preparation are achievable, but there is still much work to do. There are a variety of solutions that can be easily advocated for by disaster and nondisaster specialists, leading to better care for our patients. 

Author Biographies

Angela Pettit Cornelius, MD, MA

Associate Professor, TCU/UNT School of Medicine Fort Worth; Department of Emergency Medicine, John Peter Smith Hospital, Fort Worth Emergency Medicine Residency, Fort Worth, Texas; Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ochsner Louisiana State University Academic Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana

Douglas Mark Char, MD

Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri

Leah Gustafson Ista, MD, MSPH

Emergency Medicine, Altru Health System, Grand Forks, North Dakota

Samantha Noll, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado

Frank Quintero, DO, MBA

Northern Westchester Hospital/Northwell Health, Mt. Kisco, New York

Heather Rybasack-Smith, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor, Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

Jennie Wang, DO, MPH

Brown University Emergency Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island

Robert P. Weinberg, DO, JD, MMSc

Principles and Practice of Clinical Research (PPCR), TH Chan Harvard School of Public Health; Mass College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts

Sharon E. Mace, MD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University; Director of Research, Emergency Services Institute; Director of Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio

References

Louissaint N: Building community resilience through health equity. Domestic Preparedness. April 6, 2017. Available at https://domesticpreparedness.com/articles/building-community-resiliencethrough-health-equity. Accessed August 23, 2023.

Lichtveld M: Disasters through the lens of disparities: Elevate community resilience as an essential public health service. Am J Public Health. 2018; 108(1): 28-30. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.304193.

Torani S, Majd PM, Maroufi SS, et al.: The importance of education on disasters and emergencies: A review article. J Educ Health Promot. 2019; 8: 85. DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_262_18.

Google Search: Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030. Available at https://www.google.com/search?q=Sendai+Framework+for+Disaster+Risk+Reduction+2015+-+2030+&client=safari&sca_esv=559545509&source=hp&ei=_ZHmZKajDp-mqtsP3IWS8Ao&iflsig=AD69kcEAAAAAZOagDWOAdvxWq3FfPan2_1R75kVQ8Fqp&ved=0ahUKEwjmlfnI8_OAAxUfk2oFHdyCBK4Q4dUDCAo&uact=5&oq=Sendai+Framework+for+Disaster+Risk+Reduction+2015+-+2030+&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6IjlTZW5kYWkgRnJhbWV3b3JrIGZvciBEaXNhc3RlciBSaXNrIFJlZHVjdGlvbiAyMDE1IC0gMjAzMCAyBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMggQABiKBRiGAzIIEAAYigUYhgMyCBAAGIoFGIYDSJYRUABYAHAAeACQAQCYAVGgAVGqAQExuAEDyAEA-AECAEB&sclient=gws-wiz. Accessed August 23, 2023.

UNDRR: Developing early warning systems, a checklist: Third international conference on early warning (EWC III), March 27-29, 2006, Bonn, Germany. 2007. Available at http://www.undrr.org/publication/developing-early-warning-systems-checklist-third-international-conference-early-warning. Accessed September 25, 2023.

Pearson L: Early warning of disasters: Facts and figures. 2020. Available at https://www.scidev.net/global/features/early-warningof-disasters-facts-and-figures-1/. Accessed August 23, 2023.

The World Bank: Available at https://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2011/en/bgdocs/Rogers_%26_Tsirkunov_2011.pdf. Accessed August 23, 2023.

Google Search: Progress in Hong Kong’s tropical cyclone forecasting and warning services in recent decades. Available at https://www.google.com/search?q=Progress+in+Hong+Kong%E2%80%99s+Tropical+Cyclone+Forecasting+and+Warning+Services+in+Recent+Decades&client=safari&sca_esv=559545509&source=hp&ei=EJrmZMePJfC1qtsP38i2gA4&iflsig=AD69kcEAAAAAZOaoIBxfJRNZXciPAuK9Z19Osq6qlGXw&ved=0ahUKEwjH19-i-_OAAxXwmmoFHVkDeAQ4dUDCAo&uact=5&oq=Progress+in+Hong+Kong%E2%80%99s+Tropical+Cyclone+Forecasting+and+Warning+Services+in+Recent+Decades&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Il1Qcm9ncmVzcyBpbiBIb25nIEtvbmfigJlzIFRyb3BpY2FsIEN5Y2xvbmUgRm9yZWNhc3RpbmcgYW5kIFdhcm5pbmcgU2VydmljZXMgaW4gUmVjZW50IERlY2FkZXNIAFAAWABwAHgAkAEAmAEAoAEAqgEAuAEDyAEAAEC-AEB&sclient=gws-wiz. Accessed August 24, 2023.

Docplayer: Background paper on the benefits and costs of early warning systems for major natural hazards. Available at https://docplayer.net/13431908-Background-paper-on-the-benefits-andcosts-of-early-warning-systems-for-major-natural-hazards-1.html. Accessed August 30, 2023.

PreventionWeb: Tornado deaths to rise in USA unless radical changes to warning systems are made. 2016. Available at https://www.preventionweb.net/news/tornado-deaths-rise-usa-unlessradical-changes-warning-systems-are-made-study. Accessed August 30, 2023.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Emergency Alert and Warning Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Research Directions. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2018. DOI: 10.17226/24935.

FEMA: Integrated public alert & warning system. Available at https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/practitioners/integrated-public-alert-warning-system. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Reuter C, Kaufhold M-A: Fifteen years of social media in emergencies: A retrospective review and future directions for crisis informatics. J Contingen Crisis Mgmt. 2018; 26: 41-57. DOI: 10.1111/1468-5973.12196.

PreventionWeb: Big data for climate change and disaster resilience: Realising the benefits for developing countries. 2015. Available at https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/big-dataclimate-change-and-disaster-resilience-realising-benefits-developing-countries. Accessed September 25, 2023.

Murphy T, Jennex M: Knowledge management, emergency response, and Hurricane Katrina. ResearchGate. 2006. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228669444_Knowledge_Management_Emergency_Response_and_Hurricane_Katrina. Accessed August 30, 2023.

ResearchGate: Backchannels on the front lines: Emergent uses of social media in the 2007 Southern California Wildfires. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228846438_Backchannels_on_the_Front_Lines_Emergent_Uses_of_Social_Media_in_the_2007_Southern_California_Wildfires. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Crisis & Emergency Risk Communication (CERC). 2018. Available at https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/. Accessed August 30, 2023.

DHS: ST-social media emergency management guidance tool | homeland security. Available at https://www.dhs.gov/publication/st-social-media-emergency-management-guidance-tool. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Communicating in a crisis. 2019. Available at https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/pep19-01-01-005.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2024.

Hansson S, Orru K, Siibak A, et al.: Communication-related vulnerability to disasters: A heuristic framework. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2020; 51: 101931. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101931.

Intergovernmental Advisory Committee to the Federal Communications Committee: In the matter of multilingual emergency alerting. 2019. Available at https://www.fcc.gov/sites/default/files/iac_multilingual_emergency_alerting_report_110519.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2024.

SAGE: Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Available at https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/communicating-environmental-risk-in-multiethnic-communities/book9348. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Spence PR, Lachlan KA, Griffin DR: Crisis communication, race, and natural disasters. J Black Stud. 2007; 37(4): 539-554. DOI: 10.1177/0021934706296192.

O’Brien S: Training translators for crisis communication: Translators without borders as an example. In Federici FM (ed.): Mediating Emergencies and Conflicts: Frontline Translating and Interpreting. Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016: 85-111. DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-55351-5_4.

Ogie RI, Perez P: Collaborative translation of emergency messages (Co-TEM): An Australian case study. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2020; 50: 101920. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101920.

Munro R: Crowdsourced translation for emergency response in Haiti: The global collaboration of local knowledge. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Collaborative Translation: Technology, Crowdsourcing, and the Translator Perspective. Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2010. Available at https://aclanthology.org/2010.amta-workshop.1. Accessed September 25, 2023.

KFF: Addressing the health care impact of Hurricane Katrina: 2005. Available at https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/addressing-the-health-care-impact-of-hurricane/. Accessed September 25, 2023.

Baptist Community Ministries: Helping a neighborhood heal. Available at https://www.bcm.org/stories/helping-neighborhoodheal/. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Ayyagari A, Bhargava A, Agarwal R, et al.: Use of telemedicine in evading cholera outbreak in Mahakumbh Mela, Prayag, UP, India: An encouraging experience. Telemed J E-Health. 2003; 9(1): 89-94. DOI: 10.1089/153056203763317693.

Kim TJ, Arrieta MI, Eastburn SL, et al.: Post-disaster gulf coast recovery using telehealth. Telemed J E-Health. 2013; 19(3): 200-210. DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2012.0100.

Vo AH, Brooks GB, Bourdeau M, et al.: University of Texas medical branch telemedicine disaster response and recovery: Lessons learned from Hurricane Ike. Telemed J E-Health. 2010; 16(5): 627-633. DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2009.0162.

Murren-Boezem J, Solo-Josephson P, Zettler-Greeley CM: A pediatric telemedicine response to a natural disaster. Telemed J E-Health. 2020; 26(6): 720-724. DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2019.0100.

TytoCare: Addressing the problem of rural healthcare deserts. 2022. Available at https://www.tytocare.com/resources/blog/addressing-the-problem-of-rural-healthcare-deserts/. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Iserson KV: Alternative care sites: An option in disasters. West JEM. 2020; 21(3): 484-489. DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47552.

Cage J: Joplin pays it forward. 2013. Available at https://www.nationalmasscarestrategy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/joplin-pays-it-forward-community-leaders-share-our-recoverylessons.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2024.

Nick GA, Savoia E, Elqura L, et al.: Emergency preparedness for vulnerable populations: People with special health-care needs. Public Health Rep. 2009; 124(2): 338-343.

American Community Survey (ACS): 2023. Available at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs. Accessed September 25, 2023.

Methipara J: Mobility challenges for households in poverty. 2014. Available at https://nhts.ornl.gov/briefs/PovertyBrief.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2024.

Renne JL, Sanchez TW, Jenkins P, et al.: Challenge of evacuating the carless in five major US cities: Identifying the key issues. 2009. Available at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2119-05. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Renne JL: Emergency evacuation planning policy for carless and vulnerable populations in the United States and United Kingdom. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2018; 31: 1254-1261. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.016.

United States Agency for International Development: Shelters and Shelter Management: Reference Guide. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2003.

Phillips BD: Cultural diversity in disasters: Sheltering, housing, and long term recovery. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters. 1993; 11(1): 99-110. DOI: 10.1177/028072709301100108.

Texas Administrative Code: Available at https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=10&pt=1&ch=7&rl=29. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Online Sunshine: Statutes & constitution. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0200-0299%2F0252%2FSections%2F0252.385.html. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Codes Display Text: Available at https://www.leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=HSC&division=24.&title=&part=1.6.&chapter=2.&article=. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Houston History Magazine: Adapting a plan: The city of Houston’s emergency shelter during Hurricane Harvey. Available at https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/2020/11/adapting-a-planthe-city-of-houstons-emergency-shelter-during-hurricane-harvey/. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Zhong S, Pang M, Ho HC, et al.: Assessing the effectiveness and pathways of planned shelters in protecting mental health of flood victims in China. Environ Res Lett. 2020; 15(12): 125006. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/abc446.

Krol DM, Redlener M, Shapiro A, et al.: A mobile medical care approach targeting underserved populations in post-Hurricane Katrina Mississippi. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2007; 18(2): 331-340. DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2007.0038.

Busby JW, Baker K, Bazilian MD, et al.: Cascading risks: Understanding the 2021 winter blackout in Texas. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2021; 77: 102106. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102106.

Sadiq AA, Tyler J, Noonan DS: A review of community flood risk management studies in the United States. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2019; 41: 101327. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101327.

Walker RE, Keane CR, Burke JG: Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature. Health Place. 2010; 16(5): 876-884. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.013.

National Association of Community Health Centers: Access denied: A look at America’s medically disenfranchised. 2007. Available at https://www.graham-center.org/content/dam/rgc/documents/publications-reports/monographs-books/Access%20Denied.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2024.

van Oppen C: The role of insurance in disaster reduction. Vision. 2002; 6(2): 1-10. DOI: 10.1177/097226290200600201.

US Department of Health & Human Services: Climate change and healthcare system considerations. Available at https://asprtracie.hhs.gov/technical-resources/158/climate-change-and-healthcaresystem-considerations/0ASPRTRACIE. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Climate effects on health. 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm. Accessed August 30, 2023.

FEMA: FEMA resources for climate resilience. 2021. Available at https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_resourcesclimate-resilience.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2024.

Moore R: Climate change demands new paradigm for disaster management. NRDC. September 7, 2021. Available at https://www.nrdc.org/bio/rob-moore/climate-change-demands-new-paradigmdisaster-management. Accessed August 30, 2023.

US House of Representatives: Left out: Barriers to health equity for rural and underserved communities. 2020. Available at https://democrats-waysandmeans.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democratswaysandmeans.house.gov/files/documents/WMD%20Health%20Equity%20Report_07.2020_FINAL.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2024.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Rural Health Council: Advancing Rural Health Equity: Fiscal Year 2022 Year in Review. Baltimore, MD: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2022.

Mullan F, Chen C, Steinmetz E: The geography of graduate medical education: Imbalances signal need for new distribution policies. Health Aff Proj Hope. 2013; 32(11): 1914-1921. DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0545.

RHIhub: Recruitment and retention for rural health facilities. Overview—Rural health information hub. Available at https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/topics/rural-health-recruitment-retention. Accessed August 30, 2023.

HRSA: HRSA awards over $12.7 million to programs enhancing health care delivery to rural underserved populations. 2021. Available at https://www.hrsa.gov/about/news/press-releases/hrsaprograms-enhancing-healthcare-delivery-rural-underserved-populations. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Hsu CE, Mas FS, Jacobson HE, et al.: Public health preparedness of health providers: Meeting the needs of diverse, rural communities. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006; 98(11): 1784-1791.

Health Policy Institute: Cultural competence in health care: Is it important for people with chronic conditions? Available at https://hpi.georgetown.edu/cultural/. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Link MW, et al.: Chronic disease in health emergencies: In the eye of the hurricane. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006; 3(2): A46.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Behavior risk factor surveillance system. 2023. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.html. Accessed August 30, 2023.

CDC: Mission possible: Preparing and responding to disasters through a health equity lens. 2018. Available at https://blogs.cdc.gov/healthequity/2018/09/06/disasters/. Accessed August 30, 2023.

FEMA: Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Dataset. 2023. Available at https://www.fema.gov/about/openfema/data-sets/community-emergency-response-team-cert-dataset. Accessed August 30, 2023.

Allen KM: Community-based disaster preparedness and climate adaptation: Local capacity-building in the Philippines. Disasters. 2006; 30(1): 81-101. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00308.x.

Published

04/01/2024

How to Cite

Cornelius, A. P., D. M. Char, L. G. Ista, S. Noll, F. Quintero, H. Rybasack-Smith, J. Wang, R. P. Weinberg, and S. E. Mace. “Disaster Healthcare Disparities Solutions: Part 1—Preparation”. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, vol. 19, no. 2, Apr. 2024, pp. 91-100, doi:10.5055/ajdm.0472.

Issue

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)