Independence through Community Access and Navigation in adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders Part 2: Treatment planning and implementation

Authors

  • Gretchen Snethen, PhD, LRT/CTRS
  • Bryan P. McCormick, PhD, CTRS
  • Rachel L. Smith, MS
  • Marieke Van Puymbroeck, PhD, CTRS

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2011.0005

Keywords:

schizophrenia, community participation, self-determination, intervention, recovery, recreational therapy

Abstract

Social isolation and nonparticipation in the community are chronic issues for adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders that can lead to poorer health outcomes. The Independence through Community Access and Navigation (I-CAN) intervention was developed as a theoretically grounded intervention that uses motivational interviewing to understand the interests and motivations of clients for participation. The intervention is designed to support participation in community-based activities by providing access and skill acquisition in a community environment. Participation between the recreational therapist and the participant decreases over time to encourage the individual to begin to independently access his or her community. This article presents the treatment planning steps and the implementation protocol for the I-CAN intervention.

Author Biographies

Gretchen Snethen, PhD, LRT/CTRS

Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.

Bryan P. McCormick, PhD, CTRS

Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.

Rachel L. Smith, MS

Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.

Marieke Van Puymbroeck, PhD, CTRS

Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.

References

Narrow WE, Rae DS, Robins LN, et al.: Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States: Using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile two surveys’ estimates. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002; 59: 115-123.

Krupa T, McLean H, Eastabrook S, et al.: Daily time use as a measure of community adjustment for persons served by assertive community treatment teams. Am J Occup Ther. 2003; 57(5): 558-565.

Tenorio-Martinez R, del Carmen Lara-Munoz M, Medina-Mora ME: Measurement of problems in activities and participation in patients with anxiety, depression and schizophrenia using the ICF checklist. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2009; 44: 377-384.

Drake RJ, Haley CJ, Akhtar S, et al.: Causes and consequences of duration of untreated psychosis in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2000; 177(6): 511-515.

Nilsson L-L, Lögdberg B: Dead and forgotten— Postmortem time before discovery as indicator of social isolation and inadequate mental healthcare in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008; 102(1-3): 337-339.

Graham C, Arthur A, Howard R: The social functioning of older adults with schizophrenia. Aging Ment Health. 2002; 6(2): 149-152.

Granerud A, Severinsson E: The struggle for social integration in the community—The experiences of people with mental health problems. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2006; 13(3): 288-293.

Andresen R, Oades L, Caputi P: The experience of recovery from schizophrenia: Towards an empirically validated stage model. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003; 37(5): 586-594.

Reed GM, Lux JB, Bufka LF, et al.: Operationalizaing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health in clinical settings. Rehabil Psychol. 2008; 50(2): 122-131.

Wunderink L, Sytema S, Nienhuis FJ, et al.: Clinical recovery in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2009; 35(2): 362-369.

World Health Organization: International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2001.

Oades L, Deane F, Crowe T, et al.: Collaborative recovery: An integrative model for working with individuals who experience chronic and recurring mental illness. Australas Psychiatry. 2005; 13(3): 279-284.

Mancini MA: The role of self-efficacy in recovery from serious psychiatric disabilities: A qualitative study with fifteen psychiatric survivors. Qual Soc Work. 2007; 6: 49-74.

Morris A, Bloom JR, Kand S: Organizational and individual factors affecting consumer outcomes of care in mental health services. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2006; 34(3): 243-253.

Resnick S, Rosenheck R, Canive J, et al.: Employment outcomes in a randomized trial of second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine in the treatment of individuals with schizophrenia. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2008; 35(2): 215-225.

Hoffman RE: A social deafferntation hypothesis for induction of active schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2007; 33(5): 1066-1070.

Hogan MF: Transforming mental health care: Realities, priorities, and prospects. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008; 31(1): 1-9.

Lehman AF, Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, et al.: The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2003. Schizophr Bull. 2004; 30(2): 193-217.

Mancini MA, Hardiman ER, Lawson HA: Making sense of it all: Consumer providers’ theories about factors facilitating and impeding recovery from psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2005; 29(1): 48-55.

Bellack AS, Green MF, Cook JA, et al.: Assessment of community functioning in people with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses: A white paper based on an NIMH-sponsored workshop. Schizophr Bull. 2007; 33(3): 805-822.

Palmer BW, Heaton RK: Executive dysfunction in schiophrenia. In Sharma T, Harvey P (eds.): Cognition in Schizophrenia: Impairments, Importance and Treatment Strategies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000: 51-72.

Liberman RP, Kopelowicz A, Ventura J, et al.: Operational criteria and factors related to recovery from schizophrenia. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2002; 14(4): 256-272.

Deci EL, Ryan RM: The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol Inq. 2000; 11(4): 227-268.

Deci EL, Ryan RM: Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Can Psychol. 2008; 49: 14-23.

Snethen G, McCormick BP, Van Puymbroeck M, et al.: Independence through Community Access and Navigation (I-CAN) in adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, Part 1: Theoretical and practical foundations. Am J Recreation Ther. 2011, 10(1): ##-##.

Bond GR, Drake RE, Becker DR: Beyond evidence-based practice: Nine ideal features of a mental health intervention. Res Soc Work Pract. 2010; 20(5): 493-501.

Miller WR, Rollnick S: Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. New York: Guilford Press, 2002.

Austin DR: Therapeutic Recreation: Processes and Techniques. Urbana, IL: Sagamore, 2009.

Phillips SD, Burns BJ, Edgar ER, et al.: Moving assertive community treatment into standard practice. Psychiatr Serv. 2001; 52(6): 771-779.

Kirkpatrick B, Fenton WS, Carpenter WT Jr, et al.: The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 2006; 32(2): 214-219.

Addington J, Addington D: Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Their course and relationship over time. Schizophr Res. 1991; 5(1): 51-59.

Green MF: What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry. 1996; 153(3): 321-330.

Schultz SK, Andreasen NC: Schizophrenia. Lancet. 1999; 353(9162): 1425-1430.

Blanchard JJ, Horan WP, Collins LM: Examining the latent structure of negative symptoms: Is there a distinct subtype of negative symptom schizophrenia? Schizophr Res. 2005; 77(2-3): 151-165.

Lysaker P, Davis L: Social function in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: Associations with personality, symptoms and neurocognition. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004; 2(1): 15.

Reid Y, Johnson S, Bebbington PE, et al.: The longer term outcomes of community care: A 12 year follow-up of the Camberwell High Contact Survey. Psychol Med. 2001; 31(2): 351-359.

Glynn SM, Lui A: Enhancing socialization capacities in people with schizophreni. In Castle DJ, Copolov DL, Wykes T, Mueser KT (eds.): Pharmacological and Psychosocial Treatments in Schizophrenia. 2nd ed. London: Informa UK Ltd, 2009: 165-177.

Copolov DL, Castle DJ: Management of negative symptoms. In Castle DJ, Copolov DL, Wykes T, Mueser KT (eds.): Pharmacological and Psychosocial Treatments in Schizophrenia. London: Informa UK Ltd, 2009: 35-45.

Everett A, Mahler J, Biblin J, et al.: Improving the health of mental health consumers: Effective policies and practices. Int J Ment Health. 2008; 37(2): 8-48.

Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS: Medicine and science in physical activity: Classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993; 25(1): 71-80.

Cohen AS, Forbes CB, Mann MC, et al.: Specific cognitive deficits and differential domains of social functioning impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006; 81: 227- 238.

Medalia A, Thysen J: Insight into neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2008; 34(6): 1221-1230.

Jackson EL, Crawford DW, Godbey G: Negotiations of leisure constraints. Leis Sci. 1993; 15(1): 1-11.

Wykes T, Castle DJ: Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. In Castle DJ, Copolov DL, Wykes T, Mueser KT (eds.): Pharmacological and Psychosocial Treatments in Schizophrenia. 2nd ed. London: Informa UK Ltd, 2009: 47- 60.

Becker DR, Drake RE: A Working Life for People with Severe Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Published

01/01/2011

How to Cite

Snethen, PhD, LRT/CTRS, G., McCormick, PhD, CTRS, B. P., Smith, MS, R. L., & Van Puymbroeck, PhD, CTRS, M. (2011). Independence through Community Access and Navigation in adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders Part 2: Treatment planning and implementation. American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 10(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2011.0005

Issue

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>