The COVID-19 response and accountability in South Africa

Authors

  • Emma D. Chapman, BBA
  • Rene Oosthuizen, DPhil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0779

Keywords:

ethics, public good, service provision, disaster accountability

Abstract

South Africa is a country that has undergone massive societal changes in the last 30 years. At the time coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) struck, the country was still facing challenges in terms of inequality and the disaster vulnerability of its population. During COVID-19, the provision of lifesaving personal protective equipment and other resources was marred by corruption and failings of the governmental officials. At the same time, the complexity of the COVID-19 pandemic required operational changes in the public health and disaster risk management systems. This study provides an overview of the public service accountability legislation and framework. Flexibility of the disaster management structures at the local government level and flexible information sharing as well as cooperation of all relevant stakeholders are critical for efficient management of the coronavirus pandemic and the maintenance of accountability in that space. Those experiences are captured at local and district municipality levels in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Best practices and lessons should be taken forward and identified.

Author Biographies

Emma D. Chapman, BBA

Disaster Management and Ethics Research Group (DMERG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa

Rene Oosthuizen, DPhil

Community Engagement Division, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa

References

Al-Dahash H, Thayaparan M, Kulatunga U: Understanding the terminologies: Disaster crisis and emergency. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ARCOM Conference, 2016; 2: 1191-1200. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320288179_Understanding_the_Terminologies_Disaster_Crisis_and_Emergency. Accessed June 30, 2022.

OECD. The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government. 2020. Available at https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Platto S, Zhou J, Wang Y, et al.: Biodiversity loss and COVID-19 pandemic: The role of bats in the origin and the spreading of the disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021; 538(2-13). DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.028.

World Health Organization: Clinical management of COVID-19. 2020. Reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/clinical/2020.5. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1278777/retrieve. Accessed March 29, 2023.

World Health Organization: COVID-19 strategy update. 2020. Available at https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/covid-strategy-update-14april2020.pdf?sfvrsn=29da3ba0_19. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Van Der Heijden: 2019. Brief book review—Risk society: Towards a new modernity. From the regulatory frontlines. Available at https://regulatoryfrontlines.blog/2019/03/04/brief-book-review-risksociety-towards-a-new-modernity/. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Koblentz G: From biodefence to biosecurity: The Obama administration’s strategy for countering biological threats. Int Aff. 2012; 88(1): 131-148. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01061.x.

Hay A, McCauley J: The WHO global influenza surveillance and response system (GISRS)—A future perspective. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2018; 12(5): 551-557. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12565.

Cape Winelands District Municipality: 2018. Witzenberg Municipality ward based risk assessment. 10. Act No. 57 of 2002: Disaster Management Act (SOU): Available at https://www.cogta.gov.za/cgta_2016/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/DISASTER-MANAGEMENT-ACT.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

McAnerney J, Walaza S, Cohen C: Flu season is around the corner . . . National Institute for Communicable Diseases. 2019. Available at https://www.nicd.ac.za/flu-season-is-around-the-corner/. Accessed March 29, 2023.

World Health Organization: Operational considerations for COVID-19 surveillance using GISRS. 2020. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331589. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Al Jazeera Investigative Unit: New videos show Wuhan during earliest days of COVID outbreak. 2021. Retrieved from Aljazeera Website. Available at https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/18/new-footage-shows-wuhan-during-earliest-days-of-covid-pandemic. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Al Jazeera Investigative Unit: COVID review panel critical of China, WHO delay. Retrieved from Aljazeera Website. 2021. Available at https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/18/coronavirus-review-panel-critical-of-china-and-who-response. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Schneider L: Ivermectin now against COVID-19, why . . . . 2020. Retrieved from For Better Science website: Available at https://forbetterscience.com/2020/12/15/ivermectin-now-against-covid-19-why/.

International Crises Group: Brazil’s deadly calm. 2020. Retrieved from International Crises Group website. Available at https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/brazil/brazilsdeadly-calm. Accessed March 29, 2023.

International Crises Group: Tracking conflict worldwide. 2020. Retrieved from Reliefweb. Available at https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CrisisWatch%20Print%20_%20Crisis%20Group_9.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Folmer K, Margolin J: Satellite data suggests coronavirus may have hit China earlier: Researchers. 2020. Retrieved from abcnews website. Available at https://abcnews.go.com/International/satellite-data-suggests-coronavirus-hit-china-earlier-researchers/story?id=71123270. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Friedman S: South Africa is struggling with COVID-19 because its leaders want to emulate the “First World”. 2020. Retrieved from Quartz Africa website. Available at https://qz.com/africa/1882297/south-africa-struggles-with-covid-19-as-it-shows-inequalities/. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Singh J: COVID-19—How South Africa’s ministerial advisory committee on COVID-19 can be optimised. South Afr Med J. 2020; 110(6). DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i6.14911.

Medical Brief: Medical experts rebel over SA’s ‘nonsensical’ lockdown strategy. 2020. Retrieved from Medical Brief website. Available at https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/medicalexperts-rebel-over-sas-nonsensical-lockdown-strategy/. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Medical Brief: SA’s COVID-19 failures: ‘It’s ideology as much as customary incompetence. 2020. Retrieved from Medical Brief website. Available at https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/sascovid-19-failures-its-ideology-as-much-as-customary-incompetence/. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Pearson S, Parkinson J, Perez A: Oxygen scarcity swells COVID-19’s death toll. 2021. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal website. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/oxygenscarcity-swells-covid-19s-death-toll-11611570926. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Government Communication and Information System: Government communication strategy on COVID-19 (PowerPoint Presentation). 2020. Retrieved from parliamentary monitoring group website. Available at https://static.pmg.org.za/200508GCIS_Final_Presentation.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Ramaphosa C: Statement by President Cyril Ramaphosa on progress in the national effort to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, Tuynhuys, Cape Town. 2020. Available at http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/speeches/statement-president-cyril-ramaphosa-progress-nationaleffort-contain-covid-19-pandemic%2C-tuynhuys%2C-cape-town. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Department: Justice and Constitutional Development: Presentation to scopa on work related to corruption associated with the COVID-19 pandemic (PowerPoint slides). 2020. Retrieved on Parliamentary Monitoring Group website. Available at https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/30906/. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Tandwa L: Lockdown slapdown: Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams pleads guilty, fined R1 000 for breaking law. 2020. Retrieved from news24 website. Available at https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/lockdown-slapdown-stella-ndabeni-abrahamspleads-guilty-fined-r1-000-for-breaking-law-20200422. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Reddy P: The politics of service delivery in South Africa: The local government sphere in context. J Transdiscipl Res Southern Afr. 2016; 12(1). DOI: 10.4102/td.v12i1.337.

O’Grady S: Can South Africa’s Ramaphosa turn his government around? 2019. Retrieved from The Washington Post website. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/05/13/can-south-africas-ramaphosa-turn-country-around/. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Ateba B, Prinsloo J, Gawlik R: The significance of electricity supply sustainability to industrial growth in South Africa. Energy Rep. 2019; 5: 1324-1338. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2019.09.041.

Amaratunga D, Haigh R, Hettige S: Accountability in the context of disaster risk governance. Undrr. 2019. Available at https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Accountability%20in%20the%20context%20of%20disaster%20risk%20governance.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Ngqwala N, Srinivas C, Tandlich R, et al.: Participatory multistake-holder platforms in disaster management in South Africa. J Disaster Res. 2017; 12(6). DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2017.p1192.

Noran O, Zdravkovic M: Interoperability as a property: Enabling an agile disaster management approach. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Society and Technology (ICIST 2014), vol. 1. 2014: 248-255. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262918968_Interoperability_as_a_Property_Enabling_an_Agile_Disaster_Management_Approach. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Ahmed Y, Ahmad M, Zakaria N: Knowledge sharing framework for disaster management. J Inf Syst Res Innov. 2015; 9(1): 50-60. Available at https://seminar.utmspace.edu.my/jisri/download/Vol9/FinalPaper7-Vol9Issue1(1).pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Mardones F, Rich K, Boden L, et al.: The COVID-19 pandemic and global food security. Front Vet Sci. 2020; 7: 578508. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.578508.

Staunton C, Swanepoel C, Labuschaigne M: Between a rock and a hard place: COVID-19 and South Africa’s response. J Law Biosci. 2020; 7(1). DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsaa052.

Yaya S, Out A, Labonte R: Globalisation in the time of COVID-19: Repositioning Africa to meet the immediate and remote challenges. Global Health. 2020; 16(51). DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00581-4.

Ad hoc Committee on COVID-19: Disaster management & local government oversight: MECs & WC disaster management input. In Minutes of Ad hoc Committee on COVID-19 (WCPP) Meeting, May 13, 2020, Western Cape. 2020.

Harrison K: Change or no change? Findings of Western Cape disaster management. Disaster Manag Southern Afr. 2009; 5: 22-25.

Kabaka M: Disaster Preparedness and Administrative Capacity of the Disaster Risk Management Centre of the City of Cape Town [Master’s Thesis]. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town, 2013. Available at https://etd.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11394/4096/Kabaka_MPA_2012.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Bredell A: Western Cape municipalities awarded unqualified & clean audit outcomes. 2020. Retrieved from Bitou Municipality website. Available at https://www.bitou.gov.za/27-western-cape-municipalities-awarded-unqualified-clean-audit-outcomes. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Premier & Constitutional Matters: Lifestyle audit report of the Western Cape Cabinet; PSC on latest activities in province. In Minutes of Premier & Constitutional Matters Meeting on 21 October 2020, Western Cape. 2020.

Matsuura S, Razak K: Exploring transdisciplinary approaches to facilitate disaster risk reduction at national and local levels through education, training and field practice. Disaster Prevent Manag. 2019. DOI: 10.1108/dpm-09-2019-0289.

UNISDR: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- 2030. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015. Available at https://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

United Nations Development Programme: Accountability and COVID-19: A Guidance Note on Inclusive Processes and Institutions. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2020. Available at https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/UNDP-Accountability-and-COVID-19.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Madikizela P, Madondo R, Odume N, et al.: Disaster Management and Land Use Policy in Sarah Baartman District Municipality. Univerzita Tomáše Bati ve Zlíneˇ, 2019. Available at https://dspace.tul.cz/handle/15240/156710. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Bae Y, Joo Y-M, Won S-Y: Decentralization and collaborative disaster governance: Evidence from South Korea. Habitat Int. 2016; 52: 50-56.

Caruson K, MacManus SA: Nterlocal emergency management collaboration: Vertical and horizontal roadblocks. Publius. 2012; 42(1): 162-187.

Van Niekerk D: Disaster risk reduction initiatives in South Africa. Dev Southern Afr. 2004; 21(3): 555-574. DOI: 10.1080/0376835042000265487.

UNDRR: Disaster risk reduction. 2022. Retrieved from UNDRR website. Available at https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disasterrisk-reduction. Accessed March 29, 2023.

UNDRR: Disaster risk management. 2022. Retrieved from UNDRR website. Available at https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster-risk-management. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Van Niekerk D: Disaster risk management in South Africa: The function and the activity—Towards an integrated approach. Politeia. 2006; 25(2): 95-115.

Republic of South Africa: National Disaster Management Framework of 2005. Pretoria: Government Gazette, 2005.

Cape Winelands District Municipality: Code of conduct for municipal staff members. 2009. Retrieved from Cape Winelands District Municipality website. Available at http://www.capewinelands.gov.za/documentsdownload/Policies/Forms/AllItems.aspx. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Reddy M: An Integrated Model for Disaster Risk Assessment for Local Government in South Africa [doctoral thesis]. Potchefstroom, South Africa: North West University, 2010. Available at https://repository.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/7409/Reddy_M.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Department of Public Service and Administration: Batho Pele Handbook. Pretoria: Author, 2003.

Crous M: Service Delivery in the South African Public Service: Implementation of the Batho Pele Principles by Statistics South Africa [master’s thesis]. Gauteng, South Africa: University of Pretoria, 2002. Available at https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/23785/Complete.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Baas S, Ramasamy S, Dey de Pryck J, et al.: Disaster Risk Management Systems Analysis a Guide Book. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008. Available at https://www.medbox.org/document/disaster-risk-managementsystems-analysis-a-guide-book#GO. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Whitton H: Implementing effective ethics standards in government and the civil service. 2001. Retrieved from OECD website. Available at https://www.oecd.org/mena/governance/35521740.pdf.

Act No. 32 of 2000: Local Government Municipal Systems Act (SOU). Available at https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Acts/2000/Act_32_of_2000_Local_Government_Municipal_Systems_Act.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Local Government Service Charter: 2016. Available at https://sbm.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/Pages/E-Library/Various/LG_Service-Charter.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Department of Public Service and Administration: Transforming public service delivery [White Paper]. 1997. Retrieved from South Africa government website. Available at https://www.gov.za/documents/transforming-public-service-delivery-white-paper-batho-pelewhite-paper. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Ad hoc Committee on COVID-19: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on COVID-19 on its oversight and public participation activities undertaken during the period 14 April 2020 to 24 November 2020 (No 106-2020). Parliament of the Province of the Western Cape. 2020.

Act No. 16 of 2015: Disaster Management Amendment Act (SOU): Available at https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201512/39520act16of2015disastermanamendact.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

United Nations: Standards of conduct for the International Civil Service. 2013. Available at https://icsc.un.org/Resources/General/Publications/standardsE.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

United Nations/International Civil Servants Commission (UN/ICSC): Standards of conduct for the International Civil Service. 2013. Available at https://icsc.un.org/Resources/General/Publications/standardsE.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2021.

Bharosa N, Lee J, Janssen M: Challenges and obstacles in sharing and coordinating information during multi-agency disaster response: Propositions from field exercises. Inf Syst Front. 2010; 12(1): 49-65.

O’Malley P, Rainford J, Thompson A: Transparency during public health emergencies: From rhetoric to reality. Bull World Health Organ. 2009; 87(8): 614-618. DOI: 10.2471%2FBLT.08.056689.

Department of Social Development: Social development on services to mitigate coronavirus COVID-19 social challenges 10 Jun 2020 . . . . 2021. Retrieved from Department of Social Development website. Available at https://www.dsd.gov.za/index.php/21-latest-news/192-western-cape-social-development-onservices-to-mitigate-coronavirus-covid-19-social-challenges-10-jun-2020?highlight=WyJzZXJ2aWNlcyIsInNlcnZpY2VzJyJd. Accessed March 29, 2023.

National Disaster Management Framework: 2005. Available at https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2013/July/sa-national-disasterman-framework-2005.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Palazzo G, Krings F, Hoffrage, U: Ethical Blindness. J Business Ethics. 2013; 109(3). DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2212617.

Prieur M: Ethical principles on disaster risk reduction and people’s resilience. European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA). 2012. Available at https://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/26384#:~:text=The%20ethical%20principles%20applied%20during,vii)%20The%20importance%20of%20rescue. Accessed May 16, 2021.

World Health Organization: Ethics and COVID-19. 2022. Retrieved from World Health Organization website. Available at https://www.who.int/teams/health-ethics-governance/diseases/covid-19. Accessed March 29, 2023.

World Health Organization: Health emergency and disaster risk management ethics. 2017. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/health-emergency-and-disaster-risk-management-ethics. Accessed May 16, 2021.

Ghanem K, Castelli P: Accountability and moral competence promote ethical leadership. J Values Based Leadership. 2019; 12(1): 1-26. Available at https://scholar.valpo.edu/jvbl/vol12/iss1/11?utm_source=scholar.valpo.edu%2Fjvbl%2Fvol12%2Fiss1%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Disaster Management Institute of South Africa: Professionalisation portal. n.d. Available at https://disaster.co.za/professional-body-portal/. Accessed May 15, 2021.

Sphere Association: The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. 4th ed. Geneva: Sphere Association, 2018. Available at www.spherestandards.org/handbook. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Steingruber S, Kirya M, Jackson D, et al.: Corruption in the time of COVID-19: A double-threat for low income countries (U4 Brief 2020:6). 2020. Available at https://www.u4.no/publications/corruption-in-the-time-of-covid-19-a-double-threat-for-low-incomecountries. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Munzhedzi PH: Analysing the application of governance principles in the management of COVID-19 in South Africa: Lessons for the future. Afr Public Serv Deliv Perform Rev. 2021; 9(1). DOI: 10.4102/apsdpr.v9i1.490.

Act No. 12 of 2004: Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act (SOU). Available at https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2004-012.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Act No. 2 of 2000: Promotion of Access to Information Act (SOU). Available at https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/a2-000.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Act No. 26 of 2000: Protected Disclosures Act (SOU). Available at https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2000-026.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Act No. 1 of 1999: Public Finance Management Act (SOU). Available at http://www.treasury.gov.za/legislation/pfma/PFMA%201999%20as%20amended%20March%202017.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

No. 3 of 2000: Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (SOU). Available at https://justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2000-003.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Wiener M: The Whistleblowers. South Africa: Pan Macmillan, 2020.

Isparta L: The Position for the Whistle-Blower in South African Law [doctoral dissertation]. University of South Africa. Available at https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/19106/thesis_isparta_ld.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed March 29, 2023.

Downloads

Published

07/24/2023

How to Cite

Chapman, E. D., and R. Oosthuizen. “The COVID-19 Response and Accountability in South Africa”. Journal of Emergency Management, vol. 21, no. 8, July 2023, pp. 37-81, doi:10.5055/jem.0779.