Emergency management leadership in 2030: Shaping the next generation meta-leader
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2017.0317Keywords:
emergency management, meta-leadership, training, education, competencies, next generationAbstract
The complexities, interdependencies, and ambiguity that face next generation emergency management meta-leaders in an ever-evolving global community heighten the expectation and need for competencies that far exceed those common in practice today and necessitate the ability to move seamlessly through the dimensions of meta-leadership (ie, the person, the situation, and connectivity) while utilizing scientific-based evidence, information, resources, processes, and tools. The objective of this effort was to examine the recently developed next generation emergency management competencies through a meta-leadership lens by juxtaposing the competencies and the meta-leadership model. This resulted in a new framing of the skills and attributes within the meta-leadership model as they are relevant to each competency. Selected trends, drivers, and challenges were used to provide examples within each competency area of the utility of meta-leadership to next generation emergency management practice. This effort also offers training and education implications for next generation emergency management meta-leaders. The examination of the new framing created in this effort is intended to prompt dialog and research within the emergency management practice and academic communities that furthers the practice and study of emergency management.
References
Feldmann-Jensen S, Jensen S, Maxwell-Smith S, et al.: The Next Generation Emergency Management Core Competencies. Emmitsburg, MD: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2016. Available at http://training.fema.gov/hiedu/emcompetencies.aspx. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Marcus LJ, Dorn BC, Henderson J, et al.: Meta-Leadership: A Framework for Building Leadership Effectiveness. Cambridge, MA: National Preparedness Leadership Initiative, 2015.
Marcus LJ, Dorn BC, Henderson JM: Meta-leadership and national emergency preparedness: A model to build government connec-tivity. Biosecur Bioterror. 2006; 4(2): 128-134.
Blanchard BW, Canton LG, Cwiak CL, et al.: Principles of Emergency Management. Emmitsburg, MD: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2007. Available at http://training.fema.gov/hiedu/emprinciples.aspx. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: The PISA 2003 Assessment Framework: Mathematics, Reading, Science and Problem Solving Knowledge and Skills. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2004.
UNISDR: Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction: 2015-2030. 2015. Available at http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sen
dai-framework. Accessed August 1, 2016.
der Heide EA: The importance of evidence-based disaster planning. Ann Emerg Med. 2006; 47(1): 34-49.
Jensen J: The Argument for a Disciplinary Approach to Emergency Management Higher Education. Emmitsburg, MD: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2010. Available at http://training.fema.gov/hiedu/highpapers.aspx. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Cwiak C: Framing the future: What should emergency management graduates know? J Homeland Secur Emerg Manage. 2011; 8(2): 1-14.
Training and Education Synergy Focus Group: Synergy Between Training and Education: Advancing the Dialogue and the Efforts. Em-mitsburg, MD: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2014. Available at http://training.fema.gov/hiedu/trainingeducato
nandsynergy.aspx. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Hurd PD: Scientific literacy: New minds for a changing world. Sci Educ. 1998; 82(3): 407-416.
Federal Emergency Management Agency: Crisis response and disaster resilience 2030: Forging strategic action in an age of un-certainty. 2012. Available at http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1816-25045-5167/sfi_report_13.jan.2012_final.docx.pdf. Ac-cessed August 1, 2016.
Winship JM: Geographic Literacy and World Knowledge Among Undergraduate College Students [thesis]. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech, 2004.
Bednarz RS, Bednarz SW: The importance of spatial thinking in an uncertain world. In Geospatial Technologies and Homeland Secu-rity. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Springer, 2008: 315-330.
UNISDR: Hyogo framework for action 2005-2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. 2005. Available at https://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Bosomworth K, Owen C, Curnin S: Addressing challenges for future strategic-level emergency management: reframing, networking, and capacity-building. Disasters. 2016 (in press).
Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I, et al.: At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Jones JM: In US, confidence in police lowest in 22 years. Gallup. June 19, 2015. Available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/183704/confidence-police-lowest-years.aspx. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Bannister J, Kearns A: The function and foundations of urban tolerance: Encountering and engaging with difference in the city. Urban Stud. 2013: 0042098013477705.
Emrich CT, Cutter SL, Weschler PJ: GIS and emergency management. In The SAGE Handbook of GIS and Society. London: Sage, 2011: 321-343.
Pine JC: Technology in Emergency Management. Vol 4. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007.
Rao RR, Eisenberg J, Schmitt T (eds.): Improving Disaster Management: The Role of IT in Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Re-covery. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007.
Reddick C: Information technology and emergency management: Preparedness and planning in US states. Disasters. 2011; 35(1): 45-61.
Crowe A: The social media manifesto: A comprehensive review of the impact of social media on emergency management. J Busi-ness Continuity Emerg Plann. 2011; 5(1): 409-420.
Churchill RP: Drone warfare: Ethical and psychological issues. Int J Technoethics. 2015; 6(2): 31-46.
Halder B: Approaches of humanitarian crisis management-associated risks with the ICT-based crowdsourcing paradigm. Social Science Research Network. 2015. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2568233. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Harknett RJ, Stever JA: The cybersecurity triad: Government, private sector partners, and the engaged cybersecurity citizen. J Homeland Secur Emerg Manage. 2009; 6(1): 1-14.
Hunt M, Pringle J, Christen M, et al.: Ethics of emergent information and communication technology applications in humanitarian medical assistance. Int Health. 2016; 8(4): 239-245.
Ezequiel CA, Cua M, Libatique NC, et al.: UAV aerial imaging applications for post-disaster assessment, environmental management and infrastructure development. In Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), 2014 International Conference. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2014: 274-283.
Quaritsch M, Kruggl K, Wischounig-Strucl D, et al.: Networked UAVs as aerial sensor network for disaster management applica-tions. Elektrotechnik Informationstechnik. 2010; 127(3): 56-63.
Gelenbe E, Wu FJ: Future research on cyber-physical emergency management systems. Future Internet. 2013; 5(3): 336-354.
Loukas G, Gan D, Vuong T: A review of cyber threats and defence approaches in emergency management. Future Internet. 2013; 5(2): 205-236.
Ten C, Manimaran G, Liu CC: Cybersecurity for critical infrastructures: Attack and defense modeling. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cyber-net-Part A: Syst Humans. 2010; 40(4): 853-865.
Walker J, Williams BJ, Skelton GW: Cyber security for emergency management. In Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), 2010 IEEE International Conference. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2010: 476-480.
Cavelty MD: Cyber-Security and Threat Politics: US Efforts to Secure the Information Age. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Tisdale SM: Cybersecurity: Challenges from a systems, complexity, knowledge management and business intelligence perspective. Issues Inform Syst. 2015; 16(3): 191-198.
Snowden DJ, Boone ME: A leader's framework for decision making. Harv. Bus. Rev. 2007; 85(11): 68–76.
Comfort LK: Self-organization in complex systems. J Public Admin Res Theory: J-Part. 1994; 4(3): 393-410.
Comfort LK, Dunn M, Johnson D, et al.: Coordination in complex systems: Increasing efficiency in disaster mitigation and re-sponse. Int J Emerg Manage. 2004; 2(1-2): 62-80.
Reijers HA, Jansen-Vullers MH, Zur Muehlen M, et al.: Workflow management systems + swarm intelligence = dynamic task assign-ment for emergency management applications. In International Conference on Business Process Management. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2007: 125-140.
Kapucu N: Interorganizational coordination in dynamic context: Networks in emergency response management. Connections. 2005; 26(2), 33-48.
Bigley GA, Roberts KH: The incident command system: High-reliability organizing for complex and volatile task environments. Acad Manage J. 2001; 44(6): 1281-1299.
Fraser SW, Greenhalgh T: Coping with complexity: Educating for capability. Br Med J. 2001; 323(7316): 799-803.
Dalcher D: Why the pilot cannot be blamed: A cautionary note about excessive reliance on technology. Int J Risk Assess Manage. 2007; 7(3): 350-366.
Collier S, Lakoff A: The vulnerability of vital systems: How ‘critical infrastructure’ became a security problem. In The Politics of Secur-ing the Homeland: Critical Infrastructure, Risk and Securitisation. New York: Routledge, 2008: 40-62.
Rinaldi SM, Peerenboom JP, Kelly TK: Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies. IEEE Control Syst. 2001; 21(6): 11-25.
Young OR, Berkhout F, Gallopin GC, et al.: The globalization of socio-ecological systems: An agenda for scientific research. Global Environ Change. 2006; 16(3): 304-316.
Beck U: Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Vol 17. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1992.
Mileti D: Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1999.
Beck U: Living in the world risk society: A Hobhouse memorial public lecture given on Wednesday, 15 February, 2006 at the Lon-don School of Economics. Econ Soc. 2006; 35(3): 329-345.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Future Global Shocks: Improving Risk Governance. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2011.
Fisher L: Preparing for Future Catastrophes, Concept Note. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Risk Governance Council, 2013.
International Risk Governance Council (IRGC): Guidelines for Emerging Risk Governance—Appendix. Lausanne, Switzerland: Inter-national Risk Governance Council, 2015.
International Risk Governance Council (IRGC): Guidelines for Emerging Risk Governance. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Risk Governance Council, 2015.
Howes M, Tangney P, Reis K, et al.: Towards networked governance: Improving interagency communication and collaboration for disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in Australia. J Environ Plann Manage. 2015; 58(5): 757-776.
Federal Emergency Management Agency: A whole community approach to emergency management: Principles, themes, and pathways for action. 2011. Available at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1813-25045-0649/whole_community_dec2011__2_.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Federal Emergency Management Agency: National response framework, third edition. 2016. Available at https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/117791. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Bloom BS: Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classifi-cation of Educational Goals. Harlow, England: Longman Group, 1956.
Anderson LW, Krathwohl DR, Airasian PW, et al.: A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Kiltz L: Developing critical thinking skills in homeland security and emergency management courses. J Homeland Secur Emerg Manage. 2009; 6(1): 1-23.
Collins ML, Peerbolte SL: Public administration emergency management pedagogy: Cultivating the habit of critical thinking. J Public Affairs Educ. 2012; 18(2): 315-326.
Comfort LK: Crisis management in hindsight: Cognition, communication, coordination, and control. Public Admin Rev. 2007; 67(S1): 189-197.
Leigh M: Critical thinking in crisis management. Emergency Planning College Occasional Paper Number 15. 2015. Easingwold, UK: EPC.
McFarlane R, Leigh M: Information management and shared situational awareness. Emergency Planning College Occasional Paper Number 12. 2014. Easingwold, UK: EPC.
Frankel MS: Professional codes: Why, how, and with what impact? J Business Ethics. 1989; 8(2-3): 109-115.
Nicholson WC: Obtaining competent legal advice: Challenges for emergency managers and attorneys. Cal. WL Rev. 2009; 46: 343.
Cwiak C: Next steps in emergency management's professionalization process: Who will be the gatekeeper of the profession of emergency management? In Challenges of Emergency Management in Higher Education: Planning and Strategies. Fairfax, VA: Public Entity Risk Institute, 2011: 9-18.
Birkmann J: Measuring vulnerability to promote disaster-resilient societies: Conceptual frameworks and definitions. In Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies. Vol 1. New Delhi, India: TERI Press, 2006: 9-54.
Cutter S, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL: Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. In Hazards, Vulnerability, and Social Justice. New York: Routledge, 2006: 115-132.
Enarson E, Morrow B: The Gendered Terrain of Disaster. New York: Praeger, 1998.
Phillips B, Thomas DS, Fothergill A, et al.: Social Vulnerability to Disasters. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010.
Rubin CB (ed.): Emergency Management: The American Experience 1900-2010. New York: CRC Press, 2012.
Kramer R: Leading change through action learning. Public Manager. 2007; 36(3): 38-44.
Von Stumm S, #Hell B, Chamorro-Premuzic T: The hungry mind intellectual curiosity is the third pillar of academic performance. Perspectives Psychol Sci. 2011; 6(6): 574-588.
Cwiak CL: Professionalization: An academic's perspective. In Trainor JE, Subbio T (eds.): Critical Issues in Disaster Science and Management: A Dialogue Between Researchers and Practitioners. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA Higher Education Program, 2014: 392-404.
Springer CG: Emergency managers as change agents. 2009. Available at http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1345&context=sea_fac_articles. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Urby H, McEntire DA: Emergency managers as change agents: Recognizing the value of management, leadership, and strategic management in the disaster profession. J Emerg Manage. 2014; 13(1): 37-51.
Cwiak CL, Goss KC: Professionalization: Bridging the divide. In Trainor JE, Subbio T (eds.): Critical Issues in Disaster Science and Management: A Dialogue Between Researchers and Practitioners. Emmitsburg, MD: FEMA Higher Education Program, 2014: 415-425.
Federal Emergency Management Agency: Are you ready? An in-depth guide to citizen preparedness. Available at https://www.fema.gov/pdf/areyouready/areyouready_full.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Zogby J: Americans neither worried nor prepared in case of a disaster. Forbes. May 2016. Available at http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnzogby/2013/05/16/americans-neither-worried-nor-prepared-in-case-of-a-disaster-sunyit-zogby-analytics-poll/#3fd9fdde7cf6. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Helsloot I, Ruitenberg A: Citizen response to disasters: A survey of literature and some practical implications. J Contingencies Crisis Manage. 2004; 12(3): 98-111.
Ho MC, Shaw D, Lin S, et al.: How do disaster characteristics influence risk perception? Risk Anal. 2008; 28(3): 635-643.
Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, et al.: Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. Risk Anal. 2012; 32(4): 601-615.
Waugh WL, Streib G: Collaboration and leadership for effective emergency management. Public Admin Rev. 2006; 66(S1): 131-140.
Kapucu N, Arslan T, Demiroz F: Collaborative emergency management and national emergency management network. Disaster Prev Manage. 2010; 19(4): 452-468.
Lavell A, Maskrey A: The future of disaster risk management. Environ Hazards. 2014; 13(4): 267-280.
Murphy BL: Locating social capital in resilient community-level emergency management. Nat Hazards. 2007; 41(2): 297-315.
Dynes RR, Quarantelli EL: The Absence of Community Conflict in the Early Phases of Natural Disasters. Newark, Delaware: Disaster Research Center, 1971.
Drabek TE, McEntire DA: Emergent phenomena and the sociology of disaster: Lessons, trends and opportunities from the research literature. Disaster Prev Manage. 2003; 12(2): 97-112.
Canton LG: Emergency Management: Concepts and Strategies for Effective Programs. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
Petak WJ: Emergency management: A challenge for public administration. Public Admin Rev. 1985; 45: 3-7.
Sylves R: Disaster Policy and Politics: Emergency Management and Homeland Security. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press, 2014.
Waugh WL Jr, Liu CY: Disasters, the whole community, and development as capacity building. In Disaster and Development. New York: Springer International Publishing, 2014: 167-179.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright 2007-2023, Weston Medical Publishing, LLC and Journal of Emergency Management. All Rights Reserved