Are you ready? Crisis leadership in a hyper-VUCA environment (Part 2 of 2)
Keywords:
meta-leadership, VUCA, crisis, crisis leader, advisor, crisis leader advisor, disaster management, incident command system, NIMSAbstract
The current hyper-volatile, -uncertain, -complex, and -ambiguous (VUCA) threat environment demands a more cohesive support structure for crisis leaders who may be faced with crises of increasing magnitude and frequency and, in some instances, multiple crisis events simultaneously. The project team investigates the perceptions of crisis leaders regarding establishing a crisis leader advisor position for crisis leaders to benefit from their experience while prosecuting crisis response activities. The team linked hyper-VUCA crises, crisis response frameworks, meta-leadership, crisis leader attributes, and advisor attributes. The overall goal of the project is to increase the ability of the crisis leaders to more effectively and efficiently navigate crisis events resulting in more efficient and effective response and recovery. Three research questions were developed to assess the following: thoughts of integrating a crisis leader advisor position; development of a crisis leader advisor certification program; and attributes of crisis leader advisors. A qualitative research methodology using a phenomenological approach was employed. Forty-one participants were purposefully selected and administered a short, on-line survey consisting of 11 questions. Data were analyzed using percentage analysis, weighted sums, and inductive thematic analysis. The project team found an overwhelming support for the crisis leader advisor position and the crisis leader advisor certification program. Additionally, experience and trustworthiness ranked among the top sought after attributes of a crisis leader advisor. The team recommendations included (1) implement a crisis leaders advisor guide/framework; (2) create a formal crisis leader advisor position in national incident management system; (3) implement a crisis leader advisor certification framework; (4) benchmark established advisor programs; and (5) implement a framework to match leaders and advisors.
References
Mitroff II: Why Some Companies Emerge Stronger and Better from a Crisis: Essential Lessons Learned for Surviving Disaster. Vol 7. New York: American Management Association, 2005.
Bennett N, Lemoine J: What VUCA really means for you. Harvard Business Review. 2014. Available at https://hbr.org/2014/01/whatvuca-really-means-for-you. Accessed December 14, 2015.
FEMA: A whole community approach to emergency management: Principles, themes, and pathways for action. 2011. Available at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1813-25045-0649/whole_community_dec2011__2_.pdf. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Developing Dimensions International: What's keeping CEOs up at night: Working within the VUCA vortex. 2014. Available at http://www.ddiworld.com/DDI/media/trend-research/glf2014-findings/vuca-vortex_glf2014_ddi.pdf. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Kinsinger P: Adaptive leadership for the VUCA world: A tale of two managers. Thunderbird Magazine. 2016. Available at http://thunderbird.asu.edu/node/396. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Kinsinger P, Walch K: Living and leading in a VUCA world. Thunderbird Magazine. 2016. Available at http://www.forevueinternational.com/Content/sites/forevue/pages/1482/4_1__Living_and_Leading_in_a_VUCA_World_Thunderbird_School.PDF. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Sullivan J: VUCA: The new normal for talent management and workforce planning. Ere.net. January 16, 2012. Available at http://www.eremedia.com/ere/vuca-the-new-normal-for-talent-management-and-workforce-planning/. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Sullivan J: Talent strategies for a turbulent VUCA world—shifting to an adaptive approach. Ere.net. October 22, 2012. Available at http://www.eremedia.com/ere/talent-strategies-for-a-turbulent-vucaworld-shifting-to-an-adaptive-approach/. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Rath C: Why budget forecasts should include the next big disaster. govexec Web site. July 7, 2015. Available at http://www.govexec.com/excellence/promising-practices/2015/07/why-budget-forecasts-shouldinclude-next-big-disaster/117001/. Accessed February 13, 2016.
Leaning J, Guha-Sapir D: Natural disasters, armed conflict, and public health. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 1836-1842.
FEMA: Disaster declarations by year. 2016. Available at https://www.fema.gov/disasters/grid/year. Accessed December 14, 2015.
US Department of Commerce: Billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Overview. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Centers for Environmental Information. 2015. Available at http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/. Accessed February 13, 2016.
US Geological Survey: USGS flood information. March 30, 2016. Available at http://water.usgs.gov/floods/history.html. Accessed February 13, 2016.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Hurricanes in history. 2016. Available at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/outreach/history/. Accessed February 13, 2016.
Khan O: Beyond San Andreas: 5 scariest fault lines in the U.S. May 29, 2015. Available at http://blog.esurance.com/beyond-sanandreas-5-scariest-fault-lines-in-the-u-s/#.VvgVvWPYD8s. Accessed February 14, 2016.
Earthsky: Yellowstone supervolcano would cover North America in ash. August 27, 2014. Available at http://earthsky.org/earth/yellowstone-supervolcano-would-cover-north-america-in-ash. Accessed February 13, 2016.
US Geological Survey: Earthquake facts and statistics: E earthquake hazards program. 2014. Available at http://wildernesschristianity.net/info/Earthquakes/eqstats.html. Accessed February 14, 2016.
James N: Is violent crime in the United States increasing? Congressional Research Service. October 29, 2015. Available at https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44259.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Fatal injury reports, national and regional. 2015. Available at https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html. Accessed February 20, 2016.
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism: Trends in terrorism in the U.S.: New report analyzes terrorist attack data 1970-2011. January 31, 2013. Available at https://www.start.umd.edu/news/trends-terrorism-us-new-reportanalyzes-terrorist-attack-data-1970-2011. Accessed February 14, 2016.
US Department of Justice: A study of active shooter incidents in the United States between 2000 and 2013. September 16, 2013. Available at https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/fbi-releases-study-onactive-shooter-incidents. Accessed February 14, 2016.
Sherman A: Wasserman Schultz claims 294 mass shootings in 2015 alone. PolitiFact Florida. October 8, 2015. Available at http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/oct/08/debbiewasserman-schultz/how-many-americans-have-been-killed-massshootings/. Accessed February 14, 2016.
Houghton BK, Schachter JM: Coordinated terrorist attacks implications for local responders. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2005: 11-17. Available at http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/fbi/coord_terr_attks.pdf. Accessed February 14, 2016.
Jones J, Bower E: American deaths in terrorism vs. gun violence in one graph. CNN. December 30, 2015. Available at http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/02/us/oregon-shooting-terrorism-gun-violence/. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Nuclear Threat Initiative: The chemical threat: Why these banned weapons just won't go away. December 30, 2015. Available at http://www.nti.org/learn/chemical/. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Jansen HJ, Breeveld FJ, Stijnis C, et al: Biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrime. Clin Microb Infect. 2014; 20(6): 488-496.
Nuclear Threat Initiative: Biosecurity balancing the promise of biotechnology with preventing the biological weapons threat. Available at http://www.nti.org/about/biosecurity/. Accessed February 20, 2016.
The Royal Society: The chemical weapons convention and convergent trends in science and technology. August 4, 2013. Available at https://royalsociety.org/∼/media/policy/projects/brain-waves/2013-08-04-chemical-weapons-convention-and-convergent-trends.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Nuclear Threat Initiative: Radiological: Raising awareness, improving security and strengthening global standards to prevent dirty bombs. Available at http://www.nti.org/about/radiological/. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Nuclear Threat Initiative: Nuclear terrorism: Working to keep nuclear weapons out of the hands of terrorists. Available at http://www.nti.org/about/nuclear-terrorism/. Accessed February 27, 2016.
Wilshusen GC: GAO-15-725-T: Recent data breaches illustrate need for strong controls across federal agencies. United States Government Accountability Office. June 24, 2015. Available at http://gao.gov/assets/680/671505.pdf. Accessed February 6, 2016.
Stenovec T: Facebook is now bigger than the largest country on earth. The Huffington Post. January 15, 2015. Available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/28/facebook-biggestcountry_n_6565428.html. Accessed February 6, 2016.
Doyle FJ: Control systems and the internet of things. IEEE Control System Magazine. 2016. Available at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7393961. Accessed February 6, 2016.
Ingersoll G: The next weapon of mass destruction will probably be a thumb drive. Business Insider. October 29, 2014. Available at http://www.businessinsider.com/the-next-weapon-of-mass-destruction-will-probably-be-a-thumbdrive-2012-10. Accessed February 6, 2016.
Zong J, Batalova J: Frequently requested statistics on immigrants and immigration in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. February 26, 2015. Available at http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-andimmigration-united-states/. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Journalist's Resource: Global trends in human infectious disease: Rising number of outbreaks, fewer per-capita cases. Harvard Kennedy School, Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy. Available at http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/public-health/global-rise-human-infectious-diseaseoutbreaks#sthash.zZOVi6Z7.dpuf. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Gollust M: 5 old-time diseases that are making a comeback. December 31, 2015. Available at http:/www.foxnews.com/health/2016/01/09/5-old-time-diseases-that-are-making-comeback.html. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Moore J: Deadly diseases: Epidemics throughout history. 2016. Available at http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/10/health/epidemics-through-history/. Accessed February 27, 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Adult obesity. January 16, 2016. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/index.html. Accessed February 27, 2016.
Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy: State of the World's Antibiotics. Washington, DC: CDDEP, 2015. Available at https://cddep.org/sites/default/files/swa_2015_final.pdf. Accessed April 27, 2017.
National Institutes of Health: America's addiction to Opioids: Heroin and prescription drug abuse. May 14, 2014. Available at https://drugabuse.gov/about-nida/legislative-activities/testimony-tocongress/2016/americas-addiction-to-opioids-heroin-prescriptiondrug-abuse. Accessed February 20, 2016.
O'Toole J: How prescription drug abuse costs you money. CNNMoney. February 24, 2012. Available at http://money.cnn.com/2012/02/22/news/economy/prescription_drug_abuse/. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Norcross E: Ranking the states by fiscal condition. Mercatus Center at George Mason University. 2015. Available at http://mercatus.org/statefiscalrankings. Accessed February 20, 2016.
Mooney A: US faces ‘disastrous” $3.4tn pension hole, collective deficit three times larger than official figures. Financial Times On-Line. April 10, 2016. Available at http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c9966bea-fcd8-11e5-b5f5-070dca6d0a0d.html#axzz46Orq5WUP. Accessed February 27, 2016.
Hayes A: 6 factors that point to global recession in 2016. Investopedia. March 8, 2016. Available at http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/071515/6-factors-point-global-recession-2016.asp. Accessed February 27, 2016.
Kavanaugh S, Strecker G: Leading learning in VUCA times: How does a volatile uncertain complex ambiguous context impact strategy? Chief Learning Officer. September 20, 2012. Available at http://www.slideshare.net/humancapitalmedia/920-clo-arielgroupfinalslidesv2. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Lawrence K: Developing leaders in a VUCA environment. UNC Executive Development. 2013. Available at http://www.cfmt.it/pdf/articoli/developing-leaders-in-a-vuca-environment.pdf. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Kael EG: Leading in a VUCA environment: V is for volatility. Harvard Business Review. November 3, 2010. Available at https://hbr.org/2010/11/leading-in-a-vuca-environment.html. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Kail EG: Leading in a VUCA environment: U is for uncertainty. Harvard Business Review. November 10, 2010. Available at https://hbr.org/2010/11/leading-in-a-vuca-environment-1.html. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Kail EG: Leading in a VUCA environment: C is for complexity. Harvard Business Review. December 3, 2010. Available at https://hbr.org/2010/12/leading-effectively-in-a-vuca.html. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Kail EG: Leading effectively in a VUCA environment: A is for ambiguity. Harvard Business Review. January 6, 2011. Available at https://hbr.org/2011/01/leading-effectively-in-a-vuca-1. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Covello VT: Risk and crisis communication: Communicating effectively in high concern, high stress, or low trust situations. Center for Risk Communication. Available at http:/centerforriskcommunication.org/environmental-risk-communications/. Accessed March 12, 2016.
Department of Homeland Security: National incident command system. 2008. Available at https://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/NIMS_core.pdf. Accessed March 5, 2016.
Bigley GA, Roberts KH: The incident command system: High-reliability organizing for complex and volatile task environments. Acad Manag J. 2001; 44(6): 1281-1299.
Moynihan DP: The network governance of crisis response: Case studies of incident command systems. J Public Admin Res Theor. 2009; 19: 895-915.
Buck DA, Trainor JA, Aguirre B: A critical evaluation of the incident command system. J Homeland Secur Emerg Manag.2006; 3(3, Article 1): 1-27.
Cole D: The Incident Command System: A 25 Year Evaluation by California Practitioners. St. Helena, CA: California Department of Forestry, 2000.
Department of Homeland Security: National incident management system: What's new. Available at https://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/NIMSWhatsNew.pdf. Accessed March 5, 2016.
Neal DM: Effective emergency management: Reconsidering the bureaucratic approach. Disasters. 1995; 19: 327-337.
Dynes RR: Problems in emergency planning. Energy. 1983; 8: 653-660.
Dynes RR: Community emergency planning: False assumptions and inappropriate analogies. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters. 1994; 12: 141-158.
Quarantelli E: Here is a Statement About the Incident Command System. Newark: University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center, 2002
Wenger D, Quarantelli E, Dynes RR: Is the incident command system a plan for all seasons and emergency situations. Hazard Monthly. 1990; 10(3): 8-12.
Deal TM: Beyond Initial Response: Using the National Incident Management System's Incident Command System. Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2010.
Department of Labor: What is the ICS. Available at https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/ics/what_is_ics.html. Accessed March 5, 2016.
Jensen J, Waugh WL: The United States’ experience with the incident command system: What we think we know and what we need to know more about. J Contingencies Crisis Manage. 2014; 22(1): 5-17.
Hunter ND: The Law of Emergencies. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009.
Haddow GD, Bullock JA, Coppola DP: Introduction to Emergency Management. 5th ed. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014.
Dague D, Hirami P: The United States Forest Service's incident command system 40 years on: From domestic wildfires to international disaster response. Unasylva. 2015; 243(66): 79-86.
Dwyer I, Owen C: Emergency incident management: An evolving incident control system framework. J Pac Rim Psychol. 2009; 3(2): 66-75.
Marcus LJ, Dorn BC, Henderson JM: Meta-leadership and national emergency preparedness: A model to build government connectivity. Biosecur Bioterror. 2006; 4(2): 128-134.
Marcus LJ, Allen T, Dorn BC: Meta-leadership in concept and in practice: The 2010 Gulf oil spill and 2005 Hurricane Katrina response. In: Brookings Institution Symposium. The Power of Connectedness. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2012: 37-56.
Marcus LJ, Ashkenazi I, Dorn BC, et al.: The Five Dimensions of Meta-Leadership. Cambridge, MA: National Preparedness Leadership Initiative. Harvard School of Public Health and the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, 2007: 1-41.
Marcus LJ, Dorn BC, Henderson JM: Meta-leadership and national emergency preparedness: A model build government connectivity. Cambridge, MA: Center for Public Leadership, 2005: 41-64. Working Paper Series 05-03.
Marcus LJ, Dorn BC, Henderson J, et al.: Meta-leadership: A framework for building leadership connectivity: A working paper. Cambridge, MA: National Preparedness Leadership Initiative. Harvard School of Public Health and the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, 2015: 1-35.
Marcus LJ, McNulty E, Dorn BC, et al.: Crisis meta-leadership lessons learned from the Boston Marathon Bombings response: The ingenuity of swarm intelligence. The President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2014: 1-38. Available at https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2014/04/April-2014-Prelim-Report-Dist1.pdf. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Homeland Security: National Response Framework. 2013. Available at https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/32230. Accessed March 12, 2016.
Horney N, Pasmore B, O’Shea T: Leadership agility: A business imperative for a VUCA world. People Strategy, 2010; 33(4): 32-38.
Goldschmitt D, Bonvino R: Medical Disaster Response: A Survival Guide for Hospitals in Mass Casualty Events. New York: CRC, 2009.
Goleman D: What makes a leader? Harvard Bus Rev. 2004; 1-11.
Iasija M: What is the role of leadership and coordination in Disaster Management? 2012. Available at http://www.preservearticles.com/201101143265/role-of-leadership-and-coordination-in-disaster-management.html. Accessed March 12, 2016.
Innovation People Limited: Leading in complex and uncertain times: The implications of a VUCA world. Spice Framework. 2013. Available at http://www.spiceframework.com/static/downloads/leading-in-uncertain-times.pdf. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Devitt KR, Borodzicz EP: Interwoven leadership: The missing link in multi-agency major incident response. J Contingencies Crisis Manage. 2008; 16(4): 208-261.
Molino LN: Emergency Incident Management Systems. Fundamentals and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2006.
Rowe P: Great crisis leaders: 10 key characteristics. Crisis Manager University. 2008. Available at http://www.bernsteincrisismanagement.com/newsletter/crisis-manager-081124.html#cmu. Accessed March 12, 2016.
Sheridan DP: Qualities of effective incident commanders. Fire Eng. 2011; 164(8): 79.
Springer CG: Emergency managers as change agents. In: Ideas from an Emerging Field: Teaching Emergency Management in Higher Education. Vol. 12. Chapter 1. Fairfax, VA: Public Entity Risk Institute, 2009: 197-211.
Van Wart M: Dynamics of Leadership in Public Service: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. London: M.E. Sharpe, 2011.
Zeidner M, Matthews G, Roberts RD: What we Know About Emotional Intelligence: How it Affects Learning, Work, Relationships, and Our Mental Health. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2007.
Blanchard BW: Top ten competencies for professional emergency management. 2005. Available at https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/docs/blanchard%20-%20competencies%20em%20hied.doc. Accessed March 12, 2016.
Chandler RC: Marks of a crisis leader. Interstate. Available at http://www.interstaterestoration.com/blog/marks-crisis-leader. Accessed March 12, 2016.
Chandler RC: Top 14 positive traits of effective crisis leaders. Interstate. Available at http://www.interstaterestoration.com/blog/top-14-positive-traits-effective-crisis-leaders. Accessed March 12, 2016.
Ambler G: VUCA: Leading in turbulent times. 2012. Available at http://www.georgeambler.com/vuca-leading-in-turbulent-times/. Accessed December 14, 2015.
Drucker PF: HBR 10 Must Reads: On leadership. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011.
Elmer V: What makes an ideal crisis manager? Fortune. June 13, 2011. Available at http://fortune.com/2011/06/13/what-makesan-ideal-crisis-manager/. Accessed March 12, 2016.
Leedy PD, Ormrod JE: Practical Research: Planning and Design. 9th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2010.
Creswell JW: Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. London: Sage, 2009.
Backor K, Golde S, Nie N: Estimating survey fatigue in time use study. The Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society. 2007. Available at http://www.atususers.umd.edu/wip2/papers_i2007/Backor.pdf. Accessed April 23, 2016.
Walcott HE: Writing up Qualitative Research. Los Angeles: Sage, 2009.
Glicken MD: Social Research: A Simple Guide. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc, 2003.
Chenail RJ: Interviewing the investigator: Strategies for addressing instrumentation and researcher bias concerns in qualitative research. Qualitative Rep. 2011; 16(1): 255-262.
Helff F, Gruenwald L, d'Orazio L: Weighted sum model for multi-objective query optimization for mobile-cloud database environments. 2016. Available at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a05/312f1fd9c59c891efda72631d242747ead2.pdf. Accessed April 23, 2016.
Dikopoulou Z, Papageorgiou E, Nápoles G, et al.: Ranking and aggregation of factors affecting companies’ attractiveness. Springer Int. 2015; 9095: 343-355.
Kostere K, Percy W: Qualitative Research Approaches in Psychology. Minneapolis, MN: Capella University, 2008.
The National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Available at http://www.nwcg.gov/. Accessed May 1, 2016.
Collingridge DS, Gantt EE: The quality of qualitative research. Am J Med Qual. 2008; 23(5): 389-395.
Saldana J: The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2011.
Stroud JD: Understanding the purpose and use of benchmarking. 2016. Available at https://www.isixsigma.com/methodology/benchmarking/understanding-purpose-and-use-benchmarking/. Accessed May 1, 2016.
DHS: National incident management system integration center. Available at https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/foia/mgmt_directive_9500_national_incident_management_system_integration_center.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2016.
Mazur CS: The coaching revolution in the federal government. December 15, 2014. Available at https://www.td.org/Publications/Magazines/The-Public-Manager/Archives/2014/Winter/The-Coaching-Revolution-in-the-Federal-Government. Accessed May 1, 2016.
Government Executive: Chief learning officers: Teaching the government's workforce. 2016. Available at http://www.govexec.com/insights/archive/chief-learning-officers-teaching-governmentsworkforce/58879/. Accessed May 1, 2016.
International Coach Federation: Communities of practice. 2016. Available at http://coachfederation.org/events/landing.cfm?ItemNumber=2108. Accessed May 1, 2016.
FEMA: The national emergency management executive academy. 2016. Available at https://training.fema.gov/empp/executive.aspx. Accessed May 1, 2016.
USCIS: Executives in residence. 2014. Available at https://www.uscis.gov/about-us/uscis-residence-programs/executives-residence. Accessed May 1, 2016.
International Association of Emergency Managers: Certified success. 2016. Available at http://www.iaem.com/page.cfm?p=certification/intro. Accessed May 1, 2016.
ICMCI: About ICMCI. 2016. Available at http://www.icmci.org/. Accessed May 1, 2016.
O’Hanrahan P: A Guide to the enneagram and the nine types. 2014. Available at http://www.enneagramworldwide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Enneagram-Guide.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2016.
Lapid-Bogda G: What type of leader are you? 2013. Available at http://theenneagraminbusiness.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Leadership2_Lapid-Bogda.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2016.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright 2007-2023, Weston Medical Publishing, LLC and Journal of Emergency Management. All Rights Reserved
